Unit: II Approaches to education
Education began with human development. Due to entering the modern age of society from the era of transportation, many fluctuations were seen, in which the society moved towards a new way. That led to new trends in education.
Education in the Middle age was a major role in the interests of the higher class, and by the time it turned towards humanism. The end of colonialism, explosion of knowledge, globalization, public or social development, economic development, and development of transportation and communication technology began to reflect new ideas in education. In the meantime, the slogan of "Equality of educational opportunity" began to rise. In this context, sociologists have seen the idea that the school is the body of high class political and social self-interest. It is believed that it does not fulfill the desire of the people. Similarly, the idea of financial affairs came to the highest level
Therefore, due to the traditional perception of education, the people could not fulfill the expectations. In this context, the structure of education has to be changed. For which education came in informal form of various bodies. Education was brought up as widespread and applied form. Like
Open and distance learning
Life-long education
Non-formal education
Correspondence course
2.1 Open and distance learning
Concept
Open education is an alternative approach to education at higher level. It is a non-formal approach to formal education. The institutions are established to fulfill the need of those people who cannot get higher education from educational institutions such as schools and universities due to many reasons. The people who are engaged in different jobs cannot get education from formal intuitions due to their formal structure. Intrusions of open education are established to fulfill the needs of these people who are not benefited from schools or universities.
Concept of open education is a new concept for Nepal. NEC 20-49 has recommended for the establishment of an Open University in the country and the Ninth plan 2054-59 has planned for the establishment of this type of university by the end of the plan.
The first Open University was established in the UK in 1960 in the name of University of Air. It was inaugurated in 1970in the name of National University. The first chancellor of this university was Harold Wilson, the Prime Minister of the UK of that time. Allma Ikbal University of Pakistan is the first open university of SAARC region.
Process
Open Education is paced according to ability of students. Students take their own time for learning a lesson. They learn through self-study using their leisure time. All students learn in their own rate by using different alternative means. When they finish one learning task, they enter in the learning of other task. In this way, they finish the learning of certain level according to their pace. When they feel ready to take examination, educational institutions provide an opportunity to the students to appear in the final examination. After success in the final examination, they are awarded the academic degree, which is termed equivalent to the degrees provided by formal education institutions.
Learning materials
ODL systems are based around specially prepared learning materials. Printed lessons, audio recordings, radio, TV, video, telephone, computers etc are employed as the media tools and materials in ODL education.
2.2 Continuing Education
Concept
Education is lifelong venture. Education is not a static thing that is acquired at the certain period of life and can be used throughout the life. It is a process which starts from the womb and lasts long to the tomb of an individual. Education in its wider sense includes all the influences all which act upon an individual during his passage from the cradle to the grave. Education keeps in touch with every aspects of human life. Not only the students, teachers but also the individuals are learning things in day to day life through multiple ways. Education is life and life is education, the process continues every moment of life. There is only one subject matter or education and that is life in all its manifestations.
Needs
It is oblivious that the knowledge or skill which is achieved once cannot always help a person to deal with newly emerging problems. That is why an individual needs to involve learning process continuously. As the time changes so does human needs. And the once acquired skill and knowledge render become unable during the whole life. The individual who stops learning becomes not only stale but also useless. So people need the continuing education and update of their knowledge and skills.
2.3 Skill- based and competency- based approaches to education
People are deeply concerned about their present and future prospects in a time of economic uncertainty. Policy makers have a make or break opening and an obligation to chart a new path for ‘public education’ that will secure our economic competitiveness. Education has a very broad connotation. It is not to be strait jacketed with schooling. Any experience of life that results in learning is education. Schooling is a planned and organized learning process. The skills transmitted by an innovative farmer to his fellowmen, by a mother to her children are also a form of education that may result in directly productive and tangible experiences or lead to the development of desirable habits of life. Knowledge and skills developed in training programs. Skill building can be viewed as an instrument to improve the effectiveness and contribution of labor to the overall production. Skilled manpower that can meet the ever-changing human resource requirements industry is creating. That makes a nation’s economic status high and a people’s needs can be fulfill.
Needs
It is generally accepted that the modern industry needs more ‘knowledge workers’ and that, for economic growth to continue at current levels, there should be a greater emphasis on creativity and innovation. These skills are in extremely short supply and, while the need to develop such skills is clear. Some changes are taking place in further and higher education where the focus is more on educating for employment. Business and industry are increasingly operating in a parallel universe to education. They are assuming responsibility for the development and up-skilling of their workforce in total isolation from the formal structures of public education. So the education system must emphasis on the skilled based and competitive only competency based education can make our new generation more capable and develop the nation.
Classroom implication
Skilled based education and Competency based education are two forms of education which is very important and essential for present condition of Nepal. We can use and develop the skill of students' and make them more capable for the present needs of nation also for the global market. By skill based education people can develop their skill. For making the effective teaching and learning process the teacher must be skilled and he must have the qualities related to the related subject matter, methodology, new innovation of teaching technology. For doing all these types of development in a teacher we need the training. Through training we can develop the skills and competency. So for making the classroom activities effective skilled based and competency based education is essential.
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