Karl Marx
Karl Marx has not written any literature but
his theories greatly influenced literary theory and criticism in the 20th
century. His great view is that the literature is never entirely autonomous and
that always represents the social struggle. He shows the social struggle by the
two classes which he terms as: bourgeoisie and proletariat. He compares the
religions with opium and argues that our concern with the afterlife diverts our
attention with the pursuit of happiness in the world. So, his philosophy
started from religion to the politics and at last to the revolutions.
Marx's earlier writings were basically a
critique of religion in which he primarily raised the issue of Jewish
emancipation. He says that emancipation
is not only achieved by just providing the rights to certain religious groups.
For him, religion should be directed towards emancipation of total human being
not just one religious' group. It is possible only through radical
restructuring of the existing social order.
His book "The communist Manifesto"
reflects an attempt to explain the goals of class struggle or the exploitation
of one class by another are the motivating force behind all historical
developments. Marx says that there are two groups of people in every society namely
working-class people and ruling class people. The working-class people are
workers, labors and they are termed as Proletariat by Marx and the group of
class refers to ruling class are bosses, owners, whom Marx termed as Bourgeoisie.
Marx says the ruling class people (Bourgeoisie) always try to capture resources
and properties and dominate the working-class people (Proletariat) which results
in struggle in the society. Karl Marx wants to create equitable society where
all people can live with equal rights and opportunities. He wants the situation
in which all the workers will be united for their basic rights and facilities
so that owners can't be autocratic in the nature and the life standard of the
people will be changed. If this process goes on, one day owners also will be
compelled to listen the workers’ voice that helps to maintain the freedom and
equality in the society. When all the workers will be united for their common
rights, the owner should be compulsorily be flexible to listen them and to address
their demands in some ways. Out of many workers, some of them will be leading
others as a result they will be liberal than other. In course of time these
people hold the power and one day they will be owners and under them many other
workers. Therefore, the class division remains the same again in the future and
people are made active for their position forever. But he wants classless
society with the concept communism.
The prime interest of owners to get much
profit by exploiting others so that they will have lots of resources which
helps them to rule the working class in the society. Workers are the dynamic
and valuable asserts of the society that’s why controlling the people is the
best way to the owners. In the materialistic world, feelings and sensitives are
not respected but money is respected.
Money means power to ensure social status, identification, prestige etc.
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