Unit II: Developmental stages and characteristics (8)
1.6 Infancy and Babyhood: Infancy and babyhood typically span from birth to 2 years of age. During this stage, babies experience rapid physical and cognitive development. Infants learn to control their body movements, develop sensory and perceptual abilities, and begin to communicate through language and nonverbal cues. Developmental tasks during this stage include forming strong attachments to caregivers, developing basic cognitive and motor skills, and learning to trust others. Hazards during infancy and babyhood include physical injuries, neglect, and abuse.
1.7 Early and Late Childhood: Early and late childhood span from 2 to 11 years of age. During this stage, children continue to develop physical and cognitive skills, as well as social and emotional skills. Children learn to communicate effectively, develop a sense of self and identity, and begin to understand social norms and expectations. Developmental tasks during this stage include developing a sense of competence and self-esteem, learning social skills and making friends, and mastering academic and cognitive skills. Hazards during childhood include exposure to violence, abuse, and neglect, as well as developmental disorders and learning disabilities.
1.8 Puberty and Adolescence: Puberty and adolescence typically occur from 11 to 18 years of age. During this stage, individuals experience rapid physical and emotional changes, including sexual maturation, changes in mood and behavior, and the development of identity and self-esteem. Developmental tasks during this stage include developing a sense of identity, forming close relationships with peers, and preparing for adulthood through academic and career planning. Hazards during adolescence include substance abuse, risky behavior, depression, and suicide.
1.9.Adulthood (early, middle and late): characteristics and hazards.
Adulthood is the stage of life that begins after adolescence and extends throughout the rest of an individual's life. It is typically divided into three stages: early adulthood (ages 20-40), middle adulthood (ages 40-65), and late adulthood (ages 65+).
Early adulthood is characterized by significant life changes, such as establishing a career, starting a family, and forming intimate relationships. This stage is marked by high levels of energy and physical health, and individuals may experience a sense of optimism and a belief that they can achieve their goals.
Middle adulthood is a time of continued personal and professional development, but it is also marked by physical changes and health concerns. For many individuals, this is a time of increased responsibilities, such as caring for children and aging parents. This stage is also characterized by a shift in priorities, with a focus on personal fulfillment and making a meaningful contribution to society.
Late adulthood is marked by significant physical and cognitive changes, such as declining health and memory loss. However, it can also be a time of great satisfaction and wisdom, as individuals reflect on their life experiences and accomplishments. Social connections and support systems become increasingly important during this stage of life.
Hazards associated with adulthood can vary depending on the stage. For example, early adulthood may be associated with financial and career pressures, while middle adulthood may be marked by caregiving responsibilities and health concerns. Late adulthood may bring an increased risk of chronic illnesses, such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease, as well as social isolation and loneliness. However, with proper care and support, individuals can continue to lead fulfilling and meaningful lives throughout adulthood.
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